President John F. Kennedy once wrote that “Victory has 100 fathers…” This is a story about a victory that has at least one grandfather—my own.
Seventy years ago this winter, a small team of ordinary tradesmen helped another team of ordinary airmen achieve an extra-ordinary mission. Together they changed two countries, and perhaps influenced the outcome of WWII.
Picture 1 – Former Northwest Airlines mechanic Philip Blotz. This picture is taken after enlisting in the U.S. Navy as an aircraft mechanic in 1944.
Philip Blotz was a new father and a young aircraft mechanic living in Minneapolis during the outset of the war. (Picture 1) His apartment on 34thAvenue South was just a short ten block drive to Wold-Chamberlain Field where he worked as a ramp chief for Northwest Airlines. The winter of ‘41-42 was as bitter as the start of the new war. The temperature in the Twin Cities dropped to -20 in early January as a fresh blanket of snow covered the Minnesota prairie. But as Blotz made his daily trek to the frozen air field a surprise was about to arrive in an early spring breeze from the west. By the end of January a thaw had losened winter’s steely grip. As Blotz turned to park his car at the mechanics hangar there was a spring gift any young aircraft mechanic would covet—a squadron of new B-25B Mitchell bombers. (Picture 2)
Picture 2 – One of Doolittle’s B-25B Bombers at the Mid-Continent Airlines Hangar in Minneapolis during the winter of 1942. (Courtesy: NWA History Centre)
The planning, work, and rework that happened in Minneapolis during the course of the next few weeks was all conducted under a blanket of secrecy as deep as the prairie snow. The Army Air Corps had contracted with Mid-Continent Airlines to make significant modifications to the bombers. The goal was to transform these medium-range aircraft into long-range cruisers. The mechanics and the crew members of the 17th Bombardment Group were led to believe that the work was to enable the B-25’s to fly on U-boat patrols off the Atlantic coast. The pilots were soon to learn otherwise.
One morning in Minneapolis, Army Air Corps Capt. Ted Lawson recalled in his book “Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo” how legendary aviator Jimmy Doolittle, then an Air Corps Lt. Colonel, sent a trusted aide to gather up the pilots for a secret meeting. Capt. Davey Jones locked the door in a Minneapolis hotel and told the men about an important mission that was under consideration by top brass. The mission was unprecedented. It was also daring and dangerous.
“Where?” somebody asked.
“I’m sorry, I can’t tell you any more,” Davey said. “You’ve heard all the particulars I can give you . Now who will volunteeer? It’s perfectly alright if you don’t. It’s strictly up to you.”
All of us volunteered.
– Ted Lawson in Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo
Picture 3 – This newly acquired photo shows two of Doolittle’s B-25’s awaiting the installation of extra fuel tanks at the Mid-Continent Airlines hangar in January 1942. This is a critical photo for two reasons. First, the tail number of the right aircraft matches the manifest of Doolittle’s after action report on the raid on Tokyo. Second, the aircraft is clearly guarded by two armed sentries which speaks to the secrecy and security concerns of the fuel tank modifications. (Courtesy: Tom Norrbohm)
Back at the hangar, Blotz and the rest of mechanics were hard at work. Air Force archives reveal how the men installed two additional gas tanks. A 160 gallon rubber bag tank was fixed to the top of the bomb bay. The bag tank completely blocked the crew from getting from one end of the aircraft to the other. But after the gas was consumed and the fumes vented, the tank could be collapsed in-flight to clear the passage way. Another 265 gallon steel tank was mounted inside the fuselage later to be replaced by a 225 gallon rubber-lined leak-proof tank. (Picture 4)
Picture 4 – View of the top of the bomb bay of a B-25 where Minneapolis mechanics installed a 225 gallon fuel tank.
Wayne Snyder of the Northwest Airlines History Centre says the mechanics utilized every bit of free space on the bomber. “They carried a lot of gasoline. It was AV gas, very explosive and the fumes could be very dangerous. Basically, every place they could put sizable tanks was a gasoline tank,” said Snyder.
The crews also installed bomb extension shackles made by the McQuay Company in Minneapolis. They fine-tuned the 1,700 horsepower Wright Cyclone engines and readied the aircraft for flight.
By the end of February, 1942, Blotz and the rest of the mechanics had finished their work. The airmen of the 17th Bombardment Group and their mission commander Jimmy Doolittle were just beginning. From Minneapolis they flew to Eglin Field in Valparaiso, Florida where the airmen spent the next few weeks practicing short takeoffs and low-level bombing runs .
Picture 5 – This newly acquired photo is of plane #2242 at Wold-Chamberlin Field. This B-25 was flown by Capt. Ed York and was the 8th plane to launch from the deck of the USS Hornet and the only plane to survive the raid on Tokyo. Capt. York safely landed this aircraft at a Russian airfield about 40 miles north of Vladivostok. This same aircraft is seen in Picture 4 along side the Mid-Continent Airlines Hangar. (Courtesy: Tom Norrbohm)
On March 31st, just sixteen of the B-25’s were loaded onto the deck of the USS Hornet (CV-8) aircraft carrier in Alameda, California. The next day Admiral William Halsey steamed the task force out to sea. At last, Doolittle gathered his volunteer crew togehter and finally revealed their mission: Tokyo.
As Halsey navigated the task force toward Japan, Doolittle set the launch date for the midnight hours of April 19th. But war, as life, seldom follows plans. A Japanese fishing trawler came in contact with the task force on the morning of the 18th. Fearing it had radioed the mainland with a warning putting the task force at risk, Halsey and Doolittle launched the raid 10 hours early and 400 miles further out to sea.
Picture 6 – Tim & Matt Myklebust of the Commemorative Air Force in the cockpit of the B-25J “Miss Mitchell.”
If there’s anyone who knows what Doolittle’s men were about to experience, it’s a group of avid fliers in St. Paul, Minnesota. Twice a week, volunteers with the Minnesota Wing of the Commemorative Air Force gather to maintain and care for their own B-25 bomber. It is one of just 42 remaining B-25’s in the world that are still flying. What these volunteers know, what Doolittle’s men knew, is that the Mitchell gives the pilot and co-pilot a narrow, limited forward view. The plane sitting level on its nose gear gives the pilot a clear view of the horizon, but not what’s immediate in front of him. (Picture 6) Sit in the cockpit along with the CAF’s Matt Myklebust and it becomes horrifyingly clear that the only thing Doolittle and his men would have seen was the ocean rising and falling with the swell of the heavy seas. The end of the carrier deck would have been nowhere in sight—no way of knowing if you were about to fly or plunge into the ocean.
“And that carrier is pitching up and down,” explains Myklebust. “And you got to sit there with all your might at full power and release the brakes on the high pitch to get off the deck.”
Picture 7 – Launch from the USS Hornet, April 18th, 1942. (Courtesy: U.S. Archives)
Both history and archival film will forever record that Doolittle and his pilots not only successfully launched from the Hornet, they made it all the way to Japan. (Picture 7) Nearly every bomber hit its primary targets and was met with surprisingly little Japanese fighter resistance. In his report to the War Department Doolittle wrote, “The damage done far exceeded our most optimistic expectations.”
News of the raid spilled like ink from a barrel as papers around the world leaded the headlines in 72-point type. Across Minnesota, word of the raid was as welcome as spring breakup–and a sign, too. In a war seemingly as frozen and foreboding as Lake Mille Lacs, the Doolittle Raid was as much a welcome symbol of renewal as the call of the first loons of spring. (Picture 8)
Picture 8 – Randal Dietrich of The 70 Years Project showing a newspaper headline reporting the raid on Tokyo.
“This was a lynchpin kind of moment in the war and these headlines reveal that,” said Randal Dietrich of The 70 Years Project.
Each day for the next four years, The 70 Years Project is chronicling WWII as it was reported in newspapers across Minnesota. The headlines from the morning of April 18th may have trumpeted the news, but it told only half of the story. (Picture 9)
It would be weeks before the War Department would confirm the raid, but among a small group of Minnesota airplane mechanics, the pride was as bright as a polished wing panel. To Northwest Airlines retirees, it is still one of the most storied chapters in the airline’s history.
“The people that had been involved in it had been very proud of their work to start with,” said former NWA mechanic Wayne Snyder.
Picture 9 – Minneapolis Morning Tribune, April 18th, 1942. (Courtesy: The 70 Years Project)
“And for me to have that as one of the first stories I heard when I started at Northwest you could see that the people involved in it were very proud of their work and knew that they had contributed significantly to the war effort.”
As for my grandfather Philip Blotz, his small role in the Doolittle Raid was not his last contribution to the war. Northwest Airlines would later send him to Wright Paterson Air Base in Ohio where he continued to service military aircraft. In 1944 he enlisted in the U.S. Navy. As grandchildren he would often regale us with the stories of the many fighter planes he maintained, how the F-4U Corsairs had bad landing gear hydraulics and how the F-6 Hellcats and the eventual F-8 Bearcats were the best planes in the air. But somehow the stories always came back to Doolittle’s B-25’s.
To this day, the role these men played is one of the countless under-told stories of WWII. It’s not just my family’s story to tell, Randal Dietrich believes it’s Minnesota’s story, too.
“Now a days we should all take some pride in that work was done here in Minnesota leading up to April of 1942 and enabled those fliers to launch that raid and change the direction of WWII from one of defeat to ultimate victory,” said Dietrich.
Picture 10 – B-25’s of the 17th Bombardment Group at the Mid-Continent Airlines hangar in Minneapolis as they were being retrofitted with extra fuel tanks for the raid on Tokyo. The picture is signed by four crew members of the mission. These signatures were most likely obtained well after the Doolittle raid by evidence of the fact that David Davenport signed his rank as Colonel. Davenport would have been a lieutenant during the mission. (Picture Courtesy: NWA History Centre)
Picture 11 – B-25’s at Mid-Continent Airlines Hangar in Minneapolis. (Courtesy: NWA History Centre)
Picture 12 – Another recently acquired photo of one of Doolittle’s B-25’s at Wold-Chamberlin Field in Minneapolis. This picture is significant for two reasons. First, it is taken inside the security zone, perhaps by a contractor. Second, is the presence of an armed sentry. The sentry provides importance to the secrecy of the modifications being conducted on the B-25’s. (Courtesy: Tom Norrbohm)
Picture 13 – Another view of the one of Doolittle’s B-25’s at the Mid-Continent Airlines Hangar in Minneapolis – 1942. (Courtesy: NWA History Centre)
Picture 14 – Doolittle’s B-25’s on the deck of the USS Hornet. (Courtesy: US Navy archives)
Picture 15 – Doolittle’s B-25’s on the deck of the USS Hornet. (Courtesy: US Navy archives)
Picture 16 – Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle accepts a medal from the skipper of the USS Hornet, Capt. Marc A. Mitscher. The medal, once given to a U.S. Navy officer by the Japanese, was wired to a 500-pound bomb for return to Japan “with interest.” (Courtesy: US Air Force archives)
Picture 17 – Crew members loading 50-caliber ammunition into trays prior to their launch from the USS Hornet as members of the US Navy watch. (Courtesy: US Air Force Archives)
Picture 18 – Preparing to launch from the USS Hornet (Courtesy: US Navy archives)
Picture 19 – One of Doolittle’s B-25’s launching from the deck of the USS Hornet on April 18th, 1942. (Courtesy: US Navy archives)
Picture 20 – Photo taken from the cockpit of one of the Doolittle Raiders over Tokyo. (Courtesy: US Air Force archives)
Stand by... 